Sea ​​lions, giant turtles, colorful fish, lush birds are but some of the many animals found in the Galapagos Islands of the Pacific Ocean. The Ecuadorian archipelago consists of thirteen main islands, several islets and is a thousand kilometers from the coast of South America. Due to strict conservation measures this place was removed from the list of endangered world heritage sites by UNESCO and is ideal for tourists who love to discover about wildlife.

Galapagos will always be connected to the naturalist Charles Darwin as the place of inspiration for Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. The islands balance between much-needed tourism and preservation is hotly debated topic.

In order to protect the ocean and biodiversity, last month Ecuador opened a new sanctuary to protect the world’s largest shark colony. This sanctuary extends over 38,000 square kilometers around the islands of Darwin and Wolfe and will result in a total ban on fishing activities and extraction in order to protect the local ecosystem.

This was created to protect the hammerhead shark, a species in danger of extinction. The organisation National Geographic supports this sanctuary, and along with other organizations and institutions, want to see the development of management plan that will integrate conservation and tourism.

These enchanting islands attract visitors worldwide. Who would not want to snorkel and observe the wonders of the marine flora and fauna? Tourists can get up close and personal with animals without feeling threatened, as large terrestrial predators could not come and settle in the archipelago.

The main airport of the archipelago is on the island of Baltra. In order to go onto other islands you will have to catch a boat. The best way to know the main islands is via a cruise.

But there are some restrictions for those visiting the island. No leaf or stone can be removed. A naturalist guide always accompanies guests. Ecuador’s government and other institutions are creating ways to protect the Galapagos, considered by scientists to be a ‘living laboratory’ of biology. Exploring the wildlife of the Galapagos is an amazing experience.

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Patagonia is a natural region located in southern South America, expanding through Argentina and Chile. With its beautiful landscape, Patagonia is often featured in media around the world. However, beauty is not all the land is known for.

The Chinese have built a research base in the region. With a 35 metre high antenna, the base is set to conduct space research. However, this is shrouded in mystery. Patagonia is a haven for scientific exploration. On the Chilean side, scientific expeditions are at the forefront.

The theory is that South American and Antarctica were once connected about 68 million years ago, at the end of the dinosaur era. At this time, the frozen continent we know today was not yet covered by ice, but by forests.

In 2014, the first fossilised leaves of Nothofagus were found in Cerro Guido. This genus of vegetation was confined to Antarctica, and can only be spread by land.

Scientists thereby came to the conclusion that there was a land connection between the two continents for over 85 million years, which allowed the development of some species of marsupials and plants. However, confirmation needs to be established. The Chilean Antarctic Institution (Inach) is leading this effort.

Patagonia is the area with the most glaciers outside of the polar areas. Just last week, a glacier ice arch collapsed on the Argentinian side.

Patagonia has a variety of landscapes,including cold and dry deserts,forests and pine forests, valleys and rivers, mountains and glaciers. The region dazzles with beautiful scenes and the mountains are the joy of climbers and skiers and all those who like adventure.

The announcement that China is building its third and “most modern interplanetary station and the first outside of its own territory” moved the media from around the world. The new base will be on the Argentine side of Patagonia, and ‘Space Station Far’ is set to begin operation at the end of 2016. However, the base is surrounded by mystery, controversy, and suspicion.

Skeptics fear that it may have a possible military use, and point to the existence of secret clauses in the contract that allowed the construction. Martin Dinatale, a journalist at La Nacion writes that the base depends on the Chinese People’s Army.

However, Argentina’s space authorities, speaking to BBC World, denied entirely that such clauses exist, though analysts and journalists who have investigated the matter say otherwise. The Argentine Foreign Ministry have not issued any statements.

The collapse of the glacier Perito Moreno, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in Los Glaciares National Park, in the Argentinian side of Patagonia was truly a spectacle of nature. Thousands of tourists witnessed this natural phenomenon, which occurs only ever two to four years, although between 1988 and 2004 it did not occur.

According to scientists, glacial collapse occurs when the glacier and mountains collide, so that the water flowing ends up being dammed. Gradually, the water exerts pressure below the glacier until it destroys the dam and the ice bridge collapses. As the only glacier in Argentina which is accessible by vehicle, tourists, scientists, and news crews were able to record the final break.

Last month, the Argentine side of Patagonia also uncovered an ancient mystery. A team of Argentine archaeologists reported the discovery of a deposit of fossils on February 28, dating from the Jurassic Era, between 140 and 160 million years ago.

The archaeological site was discovered four years ago in the north-central province of Santa Cruz (Southern Argentina), but has only been revealed now. According to the team of scientists, the site has a wide range of micro and macro-organisms and could open the door to further new discoveries.

Such is the fascinating beauty of Patagonia, that Google Street View has announced plans to map Argentina Patagonia. From the second half of this year, internet users can visit the icy South American region through the interactive Google platform.

Patagonia is a region of the world that yearns to be discovered, and at the same time offers wonders to tourists. In the summer, visitors can go canoeing and windsurfing in the Nahuel Huapi lake waters, and the ski season attracts tourists from June to September .

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NASA has started growing potatoes in conditions similar to Mars using soil from the most arid spot on Earth,  the Atacama desert. In another notable case of real-life emulating art,  the space agency is taking a leaf out of Hollywood’s playbook from the film ‘The Martian’ where Matt Damon’s astronaut character grows potatoes under a make-shift greenhouse on the Red Planet.

Peruvian capital Lima is home to this bold experiment which began in January, at the International Potato Centre, a non-profit organisation dedicated to food security.

There are 4000 varieties of potato to be found in the Andean highlands of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. NASA in collaboration with researchers at the Centre are testing 40 of these species, along with 60 genetically modified varieties, to see if they can hold up to a pseudo-Martian environment.

With human feet yet to land on the surface of Mars, a permanent human colony on the planet seems ripped straight from the pages of science fiction. Mars One, a supposed non-profit organisation which garnered significant publicity in 2014, claims it has plans to depart for Mars in 2020 – on a one-way mission.

What is not disputed, however, is the need for a food source for any potential colonists – regardless of the timeline. To carry out the experiment, scientists sourced 91 kilograms from the La Joya Pampas region of the Atacama Desert, and brought it to the facilities. A series of tests will be conducted on the potato varieties, testing their resilience.

Why potatoes? As one potato can contain 10% of a person’s calorie requirements, it would undoubtedly be a useful crop for potential colonists. NASA intends to continue these experiments until at least March, to see which varieties can not only survive, but reproduce in large quantities.

“We’re almost 100 percent certain that many of the selected potatoes will past the tests,” said Julio Valdivia Silva, a Peruvian NASA astrobiologist. In the short-term, the tests may help solve food shortages resulting from drought. The genetically-modified potato species were altered to require little water and salt, and are resistant to viruses.

“We must be prepared for the future. To respond to desertification, rising temperature and high salt content in the soil,” said Jan Kreuze, a virologist at the International Potato Centre. By identifying resilient potato species, the more earthly ambition of alleviating food shortages and malnutrition may be but one small step away.

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A satellite using laser has been launched into Space to beam back live images of Earth which could warn us of impending disasters well before they happen.

It is the first piece of a developing “space data highway” that will use laser to send data to Earth at record speeds up to 1.8Gb/second. These messages would provide a very early warning signal in time-critical scenarios such as floods and fires, to prepare and send in life-saving emergency responses much sooner.

The project, the European Data Relay System (EDRS), is designed to circumvent the current time-lapse of several hours between conventional satellites taking pictures and when  they pass over a receiving antenna to send the image down to Earth. In most cases satellites are only directly connected to receptor antenna for 10 minutes in every 90-minute orbit of Earth. With EDRS a new satellite terminal is placed in orbit to gather data from other satellites, and then relay it all to Earth with laser technology.

The EDRS has been ten years  in the making by a public–private partnership between the European Space Agency (ESA) and Airbus Defence and Space and has reportedly cost €500m (£380m).

“We have already demonstrated quasi real-time performance of below 20 minutes for bringing monitoring information from the coast of Brazil to the user’s desk,” said Magali Vaissiere, ESA’s director of telecoms. “With this capability, the EDRS may open up a new horizon to what I would call quasi real time Earth observation.”

The first laser terminal lifted off last week from the famous launch cosmodrome at Baikonur, Kazakhstan, and is already placed in orbit. It should go into full service starting in the summer and the second part of the system will take off in 2017.

However, this has not been an easy task. ESA project manager Michael Witting told BBC News: “The difficulty is basically that you have to hit another satellite with your laser beam over a distance of over 40,000km, which is akin to hitting a two-euro coin over the distance of the Atlantic.”

If successful, this new  high-speed data highway will be able to monitor the Earth continuously live. Armed with their evidence, Police will be able to catch illegal fishermen in the act, and emergency services could use the service to help searches for people missing at sea or on mountains, and even rescue potential victims from severe weather conditions before they strike.

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Millions without power

Indonesia is among the most populous nations on Earth. With a population of over 257 million people, it has the world’s fourth largest population, and is home to 3.5% of mankind. A country of such size demands vast resources to support itself. Jakarta the capital has a greater metropolitan area consisting of 30 million people. A bustling mega city, it is but one of the areas in the country with great power needs. However, electricity shortages are a reality for tens of millions in the South East Asian nation. 96% of people may have some access to electricity. While this is a large majority, it still leaves 10 million with no electricity at all. Of the people with electrical access, this is often patchy and unreliable. This is not an issue arising from resources.

Untapped potential

Indonesia has a wealth of proven reserves of fossil fuels available for energy generation. With 22 billion barrels of oil and gas reserves and 28 billion tonnes of recoverable goal, Indonesia has the potential to meet its own energy needs. Beyond fossil fuels, renewable energy has incredible potential. Geothermal energy, for example, could provide 28 gigawatts of energy. The failure to invest in adequate power stations for generation has left the energy infrastructure at a lower level than is optimal.

Floating power

To solve these issues, the Indonesian government has found a novel solution. Many nations make use of water in order to solve their power generation issues. Normally this takes the form of hydroelectric or wave power. In Indonesia, however, this is not the case. A raft of floating power stations has been launched by the Indonesian government. Designed to help meet short-term energy requirements, these power generating ships will serve the eastern part of the country, particularly the eastern islands, where energy demand has long outstripped supply.

Let there be light

The five new floating power stations, owned by the Turkish firm Karadeniz Holdings, were deployed on the 8th of December. Due complications, the launch was delayed for eight months, having been first announced in April 2015. Though touted as a short-term fix, the $50 billion initiative may actually be a long-term solution. As power demand in Indonesia’s eastern isles grows 12% each year, the floating power stations will fill a crucial need. By 2019, Indonesia hopes to generate 35 gigawatts of power stations. The floating power stations will prove instrumental in achieving these ambitions.

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A landmark deal

Recently, at COP21, more than 195 nations came together to deliver a ‘landmark deal’ on climate change. With the global community in agreement, the deal proposes to reduce greenhouse emissions to a level that will limit the global average temperature rise to only 2.0°C (3.6°F). The emission targets are not binding but determined by each nation themselves. So far, 187 out of the 195 signatories have submitted their targets or Intended National Determined Contributions (INDCs). However, there is one issue; the submitted INDCs will restrict the global temperature rise to 2.7°C and not 2.0°C as was the intent of the Paris Agreement. Are the Paris accords already a failure? The impediment lies with the fact that developing economies are reticent to encumber economic growth by adhering to any treaty.

Nuclear energy is green energy

Many believe that dependence on fossil fuels to drive industrial growth has led to the rise in carbon emissions over the past century. Electricity is a prerequisite for the industrial and economic progression of any nation. With the rising number of developing economies powering forward, sustainable and clean sources of energy are required to supplant fossil fuels, and thereby curb carbon emissions. Advocates of green and renewable energy have been pushing for the replacement of fossil fuels with wind and solar power as the solution to global warming. But the problem lies in the understanding of how these energy sources works.

[via Nine Mile]

Renewable and reliable?

Solar, wind, and hydro sources are not considered ‘base load’ power sources. A base load source has the ability to generate electrical power consistently with very minimal hindrance. Fossil fuels have been the source of choice due to society’s early applications and their ability to serve as a base load source. With societies becoming more aware of the negative consequences of fossil fuel usage, nuclear energy, supplemented by other renewable sources, seems the most viable path forward.

Nuclear nightmares

In the 1950s, it appeared the world was entering the dawn of the nuclear age. However, this came to a screeching halt with the Three Mile Island incident in the United States and the Chernobyl accident in the former Soviet Union. With the media sensationalism surrounding the accidents, the political culture in most countries became markedly less receptive to the idea of nuclear energy. France was one exception. Worldwide investment into research and development for nuclear energy came to a halt. As a result, innovation in the field of nuclear energy slowed down. As oil prices started to rise in the early 2000s, a nuclear renaissance seemed destined to occur. These whispers were silenced by the Fukushima Daiichi disaster. Ever since, there have been renewed fears of a nuclear disaster. On the contrary, nuclear energy has been rated as the safest energy form of all energy sources including solar. In addition, the latest generation of nuclear fleets are much safer, through the integration of greater safety mechanisms.

Another barrier to the widespread implementation of nuclear energy is the cost. The initial investment required to build a large power plant is relatively large. Despite this, over the lifetime of the plant, nuclear energy proves to be among the cheapest energy sources. Furthermore, the issue of high capital costs has been resolved to an extent, with the creation of small modular reactors (SMRs). These reactors have a flexible and cost-efficient design, reducing the capital outlay significantly. As societies continue to clamour for a reduction of carbon emissions and demand for electricity grows; nuclear energy can no longer be ignored or dismissed but must be a preponderant part of any developing nation’s energy portfolio. Nuclear power is the only way societies can have their cake and eat it.

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From the day that Galileo Galilei made the first telescope observation of Mars in 1609, humanity has been fascinated by finding out more about our red planetary neighbour. Aside from being the closest planet to Earth, it is also the most earthlike in terms of temperature (a summer day on Mars is a human friendly 20Co) and atmospheric composition (majority CO2 with trace of oxygen and other gases). As a result, many have theorised about the possibilities of finding life on Mars, with renowned 19th century French astronomer Percival Lowell sensationally announcing he could see a network of artificial canals on Mars – a statement that did plenty to ignite imagination (this later proved to be an optical illusion).

As technology advanced and our interest in finding if we are alone in the universe  grew, we were able to send multiple probes to Mars to search for signs of life (43 to date and counting). So far all observations returned data that proved that although Mars may have billions of years ago harboured water, and even life, it is today a dead dry rocky planet where the only water is dry ice stored in the polar icecaps. Yesterday this changed.

What was discovered?

Although all samples returned from Mars have never found flowing water, there were photos taken by Mars probes beginning in the 1970s that showed dried up river beds, implying water once run through them. About ten years ago, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured an image that showed water might still exist on mars in liquid form. In a paper published in 2011 researchers noted that dark streaks on steep Martian slopes occurred during the summer months and grew larger as temperature increased above -23Co. Although this was not yet proof of actual running water and as such, the streaks were named Recurring Slope Lineae – RSL for short – and earmarked for further study.Figure 1: RSL growing larger as temperatures increase

To analyse further, researchers used a spectrometer (a sensor that measures light spectrum emitted by objects on a plant’s surface to determine their chemical composition) aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to analyse the RSLs and understand their chemical composition. They analysed infrared light reflecting off the steep Martian slopes when the RSLs appear and when they grew to full size. The spectral signatures they received were those of hydrated salts (mix of chlorates and perchlorates) when the flows were present. These signatures were not present when the RSLs disappeared following colder weather.

The hydrated salts are a direct link to the presence of flowing water on Mars (see figure 2). What’s more, they were found on all four sites that were tested: the Coprates Chasma canyon and Palikir, Hale, and Horowitz craters (figures 3-6; images via Guardian).

Figure 2: NASA diagram showing workings of how perchlorates can turn moisture from the atmosphere into water.

Figure 3: Horowitz crater

Figure 4: The Hale crater 

Figure 5: The Garni crater

Figure 6: Coprates Chasma canyon

So what?

The fact that flowing water was found on Mars – and more importantly that it was briny—makes it more likely that it could support life as fresh water would freeze on Mars. We are therefore now one step closer to proving we are not alone in the universe.

Additionally the water can be used for astronauts to water crops, and even produce hydrogen based fuel for return flights to Earth.

As such, it is likely that a lot of effort will now be spent trying to understand which regions of Mars have the largest amounts of RSLs in order to find a landing spot for future Mars colonies positioned closest to abundant water flows. Incidentally this also raises the question of whether we should be disturbing the ecology of the planet by bringing earth microbes onto Martian soils upon landing, and I expect this to be a great stage of deliberation among Space Agencies participating in this endeavour.

In any case the findings bring us closer to answering our fundamental questions about our place in the universe and further our ability to understand and make sense of the world around us. Not only this, but the finding provides an extra reason to leave the confines of our planet and do the one task humans were born to do above other – explore.

What a great time to be a human. What a great time to be alive.

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A global rise in renewable and clean energy sources has occurred in recent years. More than one-fifth of the world’s energy is already generated from these sources. Latin America has been leading the way on this front, with 20% of the region’s energy being generated in these ways. Although in Africa the figure is only 12%, one country wants to lead the charge. In Morocco, the government set an ambitious target. By 2020, they wish for 42% of the country’s energy to be generated from renewable sources. Given that currently 95% comes from imported fossil fuels, this may seem optimistic. But recent ingenious ways of using green energy sources make the fulfilment of these targets a distinct possibility. This is more than simply environmental concern. Morocco’s government subsidises fossil fuels to the tune of $1-4bn each year. The need to save public funds, and the desire to reduce negative environmental impact go hand-in-hand, and ensure that the clean energy revolution in Morocco drives forward.

Solar power in Morocco’s hammams

The hammam has been a key part of Moroccan culture for centuries. In the past, the only means of lighting them was by the sun. Tiny windows would be created in the roof, with special glass covering them. However, this glass-making craft declined, and electric lights replaced them. However, in Fez, the sun is returning. Thanks to work by Dr Magda Sibley, an architectural researcher at the University of Manchester, UK, the old ways have come back – sort-of. Glass bulbs still adorn the ceilings, but with an ingenious twist. During the day, these act like windows, allowing the sun’s light into the hammam. At night, they are solar-powered LED bulbs. In this way, the hamaam once again uses the power of the sun, and creates little environmental impact. The Moullay Idris and Seffarine hammams in Fez have already adopted this technology. It will not be too long before other hammams, all over the country, follow suit.

The biogas lights of Fez

Fez is somewhat of a trendsetter in Morocco’s clean energy drive. Already home to two hamaams using solar technology for lighting, Fez pioneers another lighting technique. Fez is home to over a million people, and the vast city requires large amounts of power to keep it switched on at all times. A new bioelectrical powerplant is using the city’s waste in order to create the energy that the bustling metropolis needs. Already this generates more than 30% of the energy needed to power the street lights. As the capacity increases, there should be enough energy generated to feed into the city’s general electrical grid.

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What is it?

The ‘drinkable book’ appears to be a workable solution to the problem of 663 million people around the world lacking access to clean drinking water.  It is comprised of treated pages that contain information on how and why water should be filtered. The pages are made up of nanoparticles of silver or copper, and can be ripped out to filter drinking water. The book was developed and tested over the course of several years by Dr. Teri Dankovich, a postdoctoral researcher at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. She explained: “All you need to do is tear out a paper, put it in a simple filter holder and pour water into it from rivers, streams, wells etc and out comes clean water – and dead bacteria as well. The bugs absorb silver or copper ions – depending on the nanoparticles used – as they percolate through the page. Ions come off the surface of the nanoparticles, and those are absorbed by the microbes.”

Is it actually effective?

The “drinkable book” has now passed two crucial stages – showing that it functions in both the lab, and with real water sources. It was put through trials at 25 contaminated water sources in South Africa, Ghana and Bangladesh, and successfully removed over 99% of bacteria. The resulting water is most closely comparable to that of U.S. tap water in terms of contamination levels. While small amounts of silver or copper can leak into the water, they’re far below safety limits. According to Dankovich’s tests, one page can filter up to 100 litres of water. A single book is capable of filtering one person’s water supply for four years.

What’s next? 

The results were presented at the 250th national meeting of the American Chemical Society in Boston, U.S.. Dankovich asserted that the book is targeted for communities in developing countries, and that the information in the book is printed in both English and that language of the person that it would belong to. Dankovich and her team say that they want to increase paper production (it’s currently hand-made), and shift to trials in which local residents use the filters themselves. She added: “We need to get it into people’s hands to see more of what the effects are going to be. There’s only so much you can do when you’re a scientist on your own.” Dankovich’s work with Bangladesh-based iDE focuses on whether the filter can fit into a  “kolshi”, or the traditional water container used by many Bangladeshis.

The team investigating whether the paper filters can be smoothly integrated with Kolshis.

Dr Daniele Lantagne, an environmental engineer at Tufts University, made comment:

“There’s a lot of interest in developing new products for point-of-use water treatment.” While Lantagne acknowledges that the trials have shown potential, she believes that the team will now need to focus on  “a commercialisable, scalable product design” for a device that the pages slot into.

Dankovitch commented further: “It’s really exciting to see that not only can this paper work in lab models, but it also has shown success with real water sources that people are using. There was one site where there was literally raw sewage being dumped into the stream, which had very high levels of bacteria. But we were really impressed with the performance of the paper; it was able to kill the bacteria almost completely in those samples. And they were pretty gross to start with, so we thought – if it can do this, it can probably do a lot.”

While the book is able to kill bacteria successfully, it has not yet been determined whether it can remove other disease-causing micro-organisms from water.

 

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]]> https://bricplusnews.com/science/the-drinkable-book-what-you-need-to-know/feed/ 0 2651 https://bricplusnews.com/science/brazils-renewable-energy-triumph-continues-with-new-initiative/ https://bricplusnews.com/science/brazils-renewable-energy-triumph-continues-with-new-initiative/#respond Wed, 08 Jul 2015 04:30:00 +0000 https://bricplusnews.com/?p=2698 Latin America is a region well-known for renewable energy, and Brazil is no exception. 88% of Brazil’s energy is generated from renewable sources, mostly from hydroelectric power. Now, Brazil’s government seek to strengthen their commitment to renewable energy by widening their sources of power. According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, solar and wind power will soon [...]

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Latin America is a region well-known for renewable energy, and Brazil is no exception. 88% of Brazil’s energy is generated from renewable sources, mostly from hydroelectric power. Now, Brazil’s government seek to strengthen their commitment to renewable energy by widening their sources of power. According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, solar and wind power will soon play an increasingly important role in Brazil’s energy generation.

By 2040, it is estimated that of the $300bn of investment dedicated to electricity generation, 70% will go towards solar and wind projects. While hydroelectricity will still play a role, solar, wind, and biomass will become increasingly important.

Events in recent months have shown clearly that Brazil must diversify its energy matrix.

Droughts contributed to an energy crisis, and stressed the need for the country to not rely so heavily on hydroelectric power. By expanding its capacity to seek energy from other sources, Brazil’s energy infrastructure would be better equipped to deal with changing environmental conditions. Investment in wind power will reach $84bn, $26bn will go towards biomass, and hydroelectricity projects will receive $23bn. Over a third of the total funding – $125bn – will be allocated to solar power.

Recently, the BRIC countries have been strongly critical of the West’s slow progress in combating global warming. In order to show their commitment to combating climate change, Brazil reached an agreement with the United States. Both countries agreed to increase their share of renewable energy from non-hydro sources to 20% by 2030.

In a joint statement, President Obama, and President Rousseff of Brazil declared that the two countries would work together to overcome any potential obstacles. There are plans for further discussion at the UN World Climate Conference in Paris later this year. This shows the continuing trend of BRIC countries surpassing the West in terms of green energy. Brazil is already committed to expanding renewable energy further, could it now take the US with it? One thing is certain, at the UN World Climate Conference, it is the BRIC countries that will take centre stage.

If you like this article you may be interested in “More Efficient than the Sun: The Future of Sustainability Energy is Here”.

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